Lean Whey // Thermal // LipoSlim // Detox // H2O

Ultimate Leaning Stack
Features 2lb Lean Whey & 4 Cutting Supplements
Accelerates Fat Loss
Removes Unsightly Body Water
Maintains and Builds Muscle

Description

What's it take to achieve a lean, hard, and dry physique? An awful lot!

There are multiple pathways to fat loss, but even a low body fat percentage can seem incomplete in the presence of harmful toxins or excess water. And what good is a body with virtually zero fat if all that's underneath is a skeleton!

The Shredded Stack was designed to address all factors involved in contest prep and creating the ultimate physique.

Lean Whey Revolution is more than just another whey protein supplement. First and foremost, it features cold-flow, micro-filtered whey protein isolate - the cleanest, purest whey protein available. Lean Whey also contains the Lean Muscle Matrix, a 4.2g combination of ketogenic MCTs, L-Carnitine, and more to simultaneously support lean muscle and body fat loss.

Essential for reducing body fat is the creation of a caloric deficit and the promotion of body fat oxidation (fat burning). Thermal Revolution meets both requirements with a unique blend of stimulants, such as caffeine, lipolytics, like synephrine, and mood enhancers.

The body fat-reducing effects of the Shredded Stack are further enhanced by LipoSlim Revolution - a non-stim fat-burner that keeps thermogenesis running around the clock. Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs), which are often lacking in modern diets, enhance fat oxidation while also preventing weight gain at the genetic level via the activation of PPAR.

Detox Revolution is an advanced, full-body detoxification supplement which functions to remove troublesome molecules (toxins) that make body fat and body water "stick" while also supporting a healthy microbiome with pre and probiotics to reduce bloating.

For common, subcutaneous water depletion, look no further than the carefully selected blend of diuretics in H2O Revolution. The ingredients chosen for the best water-extracting supplement on the market don't only flush out unnecessary body water - they support "irrigation therapy," glomerular filtration rate (kidney function - where urine volume is controlled), and supports a healthy urinary tract.

Supplement Facts

Lean Whey Revolution

(for all flavors' nutrition, click link)

Best Tasting Protein Supplement

Thermal Revolution

Best Thermogenic Supplement

LipoSlim Revolution

Best Fish Oil Supplement

Detox Revolution

Best Supplement to Remove Body Toxins

H2O Revolution

Best Diuretics

Ingredient Profile

Whey Protein Isolate

Whey protein isolates digest and absorb rapidly and are, gram for gram, the most refined and purest form of protein (90-98% pure protein).

It is also a potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis due to its ability to causes a rapid increase in amino acids found in the bloodstream.
This form of whey contains little to no lactose so it may be beneficial for individuals who experience GI problems. Also due to the refinement process whey isolate contains little fat, carbs, and milk sugars.
A 2006 study conducted by Cribb et al. found recreational bodybuilders who supplemented with whey protein isolate in conjunction with a 10-week resistance training program achieved greater gains in lean mass, strength, and decreases in body fat compared to a placebo group.

LEAN MUSCLE MATRIX

FIBERSOL-2

Fibersol-2 is a dietary fiber that is a digestion resistant maltodextrin. Fibersol-2 will help aid in the digestion of the protein.

Taurine

Taurine has a myriad of benefits. From helping the body to metabolize fat, improving insulin sensitivity, raising testosterone levels, as an antioxidant, higher performance and quicker recovery during athletic training and increasing cardiovascular health… it goes without saying that taurine is a great ingredient to have in your wheelhouse

Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise-induced DNA damage.

GlycoCarn® (Glycine Propionyl-L-Carnitine HCL)

Glycocarn is a highly bioavailable form of Carnitine. Carnitine is crucial in muscle function by regulating energy flow across the cell membranes during strenuous activity.

Glycocarn can help increase nitric oxide levels. Increasing Nitric Oxide helps blood flow to organs and muscles and optimizes oxygen and nutrient delivery to the muscles.
All this can help to increase aerobic power, stamina, endurance, and recovery.
Jacobs et al. (2009) discovered that resistance trained males who supplemented with Glycocarn 90 minutes before exercise were able to increase peak power production (2-15%) and decrease lactic acid accumulation (15-17%).

L-Carnitine Tartrate

L-Carnitine is an amino acid that is derived from lysine and methionine and is essential for transporting long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria for subsequent fat breakdown and energy production.

L-Carnitine has also been shown to reduce exercise-induced muscle damage, muscular fatigue, and reduce soreness.
A study conducted by Volek et al. (2002) found that supplementation with L-Carnitine daily for one week in healthy resistance trained men was able to reduce markers of muscle damage after weight lifting. It was also discovered that biomarkers of oxidative damage reduced to baseline sooner than placebo.
Ho et al. (2010) discovered that middle-aged males and females who supplemented with L-Carnitine over a 24-day period experienced less muscle damage and soreness following exercise and had less oxidative markers in serum after exercise.

MCT

Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) are smaller fat molecules that are more easily digested, increase fat metabolism, and help with weight loss.

Perhaps the best aspect of MCTs is that they do not compete with carbohydrates in metabolism. Normally, long-chain fat oxidation is inhibited when carbs are eaten, but MCT oxidation is not.
This is because MCTs freely cross the mitochondrial membrane, while longer fats require carnitine, yet carnitine function is impaired by carbs.
Incorporating MCTs has been shown to induce thermogenesis and fat oxidation, which has resulted in body fat and weight loss.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

Most humans get their consumption of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) through butter. It is found mostly in meat and dairy products.

CLA is known for its body weight management properties which include reducing body fat, increasing lean muscle mass, and supporting efficient fat metabolism.
CLA is a slightly altered form of linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid important to human health. There have been some cancer-fighting properties found in studies.
CLA is also a potent anti-oxidant and anti-catabolite, as well as a powerful immune enhancer.
Chen et al. (2012) discovered 12 weeks of CLA supplementation in overweight and obese subjects was able to reduce body weight and fat mass compared to placebo.

Lecithin

Lecithin aids in fat transport and fat metabolism. Lecithin does this through its inherent role as an emulsifying agent.

This feature of lecithin functions to break down the fat and disperse it in water and/or in our bloodstream.

IGNITOR

IGNITOR is a patented blend of protein enzymes that has been shown to dramatically improve protein digestion and amino acid absorption.

Research on IGNITOR has demonstrated a 3-fold increase in amino acid absorption when protein is paired with the enzyme complex.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Niacin is a form of Vitamin B3. Vitamin B3 is found in many foods including yeast, meat, fish, milk, eggs, green vegetables, beans, and cereal grains.

Niacin promotes health in the nervous system, digestive system, skin, hair and eyes.
Niacin has long been used to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or the "good," cholesterol. HDL cholesterol helps sweep up low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or the "bad," cholesterol, in your bloodstream.
Niacin also helps improve liver function, metabolize food, and helps your adrenal glands produce sex and stress hormones.
Niacin is also known for increasing blood circulation.
Blond et al. discovered in 20 men without diabetes but with dyslipidemia, 2g niacin supplementation over the course of eight weeks promoted a reduction in triglycerides (28%) and vLDL (68%) while increasing HDL cholesterol (17%).

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that is important to various metabolic reactions that occur in the body. It is also a coenzyme for protein metabolism and nervous and immune system function. Furthermore, it is involved in the synthesis of hormones and red blood cells.

B6 helps to protect the heart from cholesterol deposits and helps to prevent kidney stone formation.
B6 also helps activate coenzymes that are important in metabolism.

Chromium (Chromium Polynicotinate)

Chromium is a mineral our bodies use in small amounts for normal body functions, such as digesting food.

Chromium helps move blood sugar from the bloodstream into the cells to be used as energy and to turn fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into energy.
Chromium also helps regulate fat and cholesterol in the body and may reduce food craving.
A study conducted by Anton et al. (2008) found that subjects supplementing with chromium over an 8 week period reduced hunger, cravings, and lost more weight compared to a placebo group.

FAT ANNIHILATING COMPLEX

Caffeine Matrix (Caffeine Anhydrous, DiCaffeine Malate, Caffeine Citrate)

This blend of caffeine helps to provide effectively dosed stimulation for your training and not keep you up all night long.

It is also formulated to help fight that horrible crash you might experience with stimulated laden pre-workouts.
Multiple studies have confirmed can improve muscular endurance and power, focus and cognitive performance, and improve energy levels. Caffeine has also been shown to have a thermogenic effect (heating/calorie burning) at rest and may increase the use of fats for fuel during exercise.
Doherty and Smith performed a meta-analysis of caffeine's effects on perceived exertion and found a 5.6% decrease in RPE (rating of perceived exertion) during exercise. This means exercise may feel easier at higher effort levels when supplementing with caffeine.

Beta-Phenylethylamine

Beta- Phenylethylamine naturally occurs within the nervous systems of humans, where it is thought to act as a type of neuromodulator. It is considered to be a trace amine chemical and natural monoamine alkaloid.

Within the human brain, it causes the release of norepinephrine and dopamine, two very powerful brain chemicals involved in attention and alertness.
Beta-Phenylethylamine is used for many different purposes, among them cognitive enhancement, mood improvement, weight loss, and as a concentration aid.
Beta-Phenylethylamine may help to speed up the metabolism. This means that it can lead to an increased rate of fat burning.

Celery Seed Extract

Celery seed oil is a supplement containing a high amount of volatile compounds known as phthalides. These compounds, as well as the major component Sedanolide, appear to have general antioxidative properties and have traditionally been used as a diuretic.

Celery seed extract may help improve overall wellness, joint support, and digestive health.

Hordenine

Extracted from the roots of sprouted barley, hordenine has an adrenaline-like effect stemming from its ability to release noradrenaline.

This increases heart rate and blood flow.
The adrenaline effect is long lasting and does not fade early in your workouts. This will create a boost in athletic performance throughout your entire workout.
Hordenine may also increase peripheral blood flow volume and have a positive inotropic effect (increases the strength of contraction) upon the heart.
Lastly, hordenine stimulates the central nervous system and promotes weight loss by enhancing metabolism.

Diindolylmethane (DIM)

DIM have diverse effects on estrogen metabolism. As stress of exercise goes up – hormones can be affected.

DIM has been shown to regulate estrogen at the receptor level to prevent it from reaching levels too high or too low.
DIIM also exerts numerous anti-carcinogenic (anti-cancer) effects in the body
A study was done by Chang et al. (2011) using Indole-3-Carbinol (a precursor to DIM) noted that 5mg injections into the gut daily were able to attenuate the expected gain in body fat associated with a high fat/calorie diet.

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

Phosphatidylserine is an amino acid derivative compound that is fat-soluble and found in high amounts in the brain, where it contributes to cognitive functioning.

PS may improve memory and lower cortisol levels in the body.
Parker et al. (2011) discovered subjects who supplemented with PS over two weeks were able to increase the speed of mathematical calculations (20%) and improve answer accuracy (13%) compared to placebo.

Advantra Z

Advantra Z is derived from the immature bitter orange fruit, a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) food ingredient traditionally used for dietary and medicinal purposes.

Advantra Z activates receptors that promote the release of fat from fat cells where it can be used as energy.
Advantra Z may also suppress appetite and increase metabolism
Several studies exist showing that not only Advantra Z is very effective for fat loss, but it is also very safe.
Lopez et. al (2013) discovered subjects supplementing with a weight loss product containing Advantra Z were able to enhance body composition, reduce hip and waist girth, and increase energy levels in overweight me and women.

Halostachine

Halostachine shares similarities with beta-adrenergic receptor agonists. This means Halostachine will stimulate the beta receptors which are found on fat cells. This stimulation causes the fat to be burned as energy.

In an in vitro study of the pharmacodynamics and Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of various epinephrine-like compounds, halostachine was demonstrated to be 19% as effective as epinephrine in activating beta2 receptors.

Synephrine

Best known as an alternative for ephedrine, Synephrine has several of the same benefits of ephedrine but not nearly the same side-effects.

Synephrine can reduce appetite, increase alertness, burn fat, increase metabolism and increase energy.
However, like ephedrine, if you take this too close to bedtime - it could create some insomnia.
Stohs et al. (2011) found that a single dose of synephrine given to healthy subjects in a rested state increased resting metabolic rate without any negative influence on blood pressure or cognition.

Yohimbe HCL

Yohimbe is an alkaloid that is considered a general stimulant that works by increasing adrenaline levels in the body.

In some cases, Yohimbe increases blood vessel dilation which may enhance energy levels during workouts.
Increases in cognitive performance have also been noted in those supplementing with Yohimbe.
Yohimbe also may act as a fat burning compound by acting upon the adrenergic receptor system of fat cells, which regulate thermogenesis.
A study conducted by Ostojic (2006) found elite male soccer players who supplemented with Yohimbe for 21 days reduced average body fat levels from 9.3% to 7.1%

CapsiAtra™ (Dihydrocapsiate)

CapsiAtra™ is a dihydrocapsiate compound naturally found in CH-19 Sweet peppers that holds clinical benefits in weight management, endurance, and metabolism.

CapsiAtra™ has the ability to increase resting energy expenditure (REE) - allowing the body to burn off more calories than normal, and stimulate thermogenesis - allowing the body to burn calories off of stored fats.
It also enhances glycogen sparing, promoting an increase in energy production through the burning off of fat stored within the body instead of carbohydrates.
Galgani et al. (2010) discovered subjects who supplemented with Dihydrocapsiate over a one month period were able to increase their resting metabolic rate on a daily basis compared to placebo.

METABOLIC MATRIX

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

Most humans get their consumption of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) through butter. It is found mostly in meat and dairy products.

CLA is known for its body weight management properties which include reducing body fat, increasing lean muscle mass, and supporting efficient fat metabolism.
CLA is a slightly altered form of linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid important to human health. There have been some cancer-fighting properties found in studies.
CLA is also a potent anti-oxidant and anti-catabolite, as well as a powerful immune enhancer.
Chen et al. (2012) discovered 12 weeks of CLA supplementation in overweight and obese subjects was able to reduce body weight and fat mass compared to placebo.

Eicosanoic Acid (EPA)/ Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

EPA and DHA are long chain omega-3 fatty acids that are primarily found in fish and have been extensively researched and proven to treat/improve certain aspects of health including cognition, body composition, and certain cardiovascular and immune functions.

EPA:
- Helps overall health.
- Helps lower chances of getting coronary heart disease, high triglycerides (fats in the blood), high blood pressure, and inflammation/joint pain.
- Helps women reduce hot flashes and menstrual pain if used daily, not just while menstruating. Helps reduce fatigue.
DHA:
- DHA is an essential Omega-3 fatty acid for healthy mental and visual function.
- Helps overall health.
- Also used to support healthy skin eyes joints and brain function.
- Women-DHA is also ideal as a prenatal and nursing supplement.
- DHA is also essential to proper eye and brain development within infants (before and after birth) and is an important component of human breast milk.

Recent research has shown EPA and DHA can activate the genes that increase fat burning while also inhibiting the genes that promote the storage of fat.

Furthermore, EPA/DHA supplementation may elevate muscle protein synthesis, a necessary process that must occur to build muscle, to a higher degree when a high protein meal is consumed.

Alpha Linoleic Acid (Omega 3)

Alpha-linolenic acid is a kind of omega-3 fatty acid found in plants. It is similar to the omega-3 fatty acids that are in fish oil, called eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The body can change alpha-linolenic acid into EPA and DHA.

Antioxidant. Helps improve overall health.
Also helps to control blood clotting, build cell membranes in the brain and reduce inflammation.
Some studies suggest that ALA can help to reduce arthritis-related joint pain and stiffness and improve mobility.
Alpha-linolenic acid has also been found to be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cardiovascular disorders including heart attacks and stroke.

Linoleic Acid (Omega 6):

Helps improve overall health.
Helps regulate the immune function, the cellular responses, and hormone synthesis.
Helps dilate blood vessels and decrease blood clotting.
Helps decrease inflammation/joint pain.

Oleic Acid (Omega 9)

Oleic acid a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that occurs naturally in animals and vegetable oils.

Helps improve overall health.
Reduces cholesterol levels and strengthen the immune system.
Reduces the risk of cancer and helps improve blood circulation.

Calcium D Glucarate

Glucaric acid, supplemented via its calcium salt (Calcium-D-Glucarate), is thought to be a chemoprotective and anti-toxin compound

Calcium D Glucarate has been found to repress the effects of beta-glucuronidases, which slows your body’s ability to eliminate harmful hormones and chemicals.
By doing this, Calcium D Glucarate speeds up the body’s ability to help excrete and eliminate dietary and environmental wastes.

DETOX CLEANSE STACK

Psyillium Husk

Psyllium is a fiber derived from the plant Plantago psyllium that that is able to bind to fatty acids and cholesterol from the diet.

Relative to other sources of dietary fiber, psyllium appears to be more effective at forming feces and appears to be one of the few fiber sources not associated with excessive flatulence.
Psyllium also appears to be able to reduce total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in persons with high cholesterol.
Steven et al. (1988) found that relative to placebo, psyllium husk was associated with an increase in transit time as well as parameters of fecal weight.

Cascara Sagrada

Cascara Sagrada works as an impressive laxative by triggering contractions in the colon.

It also is believed to improve the muscle tone and effectiveness of the colon walls.
Studies have shown that the extract from cascara bark also contains a substance called emodin, which may have anti-cancer effects. Emodin is also responsible for some of the laxative effect, due to its excitation of smooth muscle cells in the large intestine.

Celery Seed Extract

Celery seed oil is a supplement containing a high amount of volatile compounds known as phthalides. These compounds, as well as the major component Sedanolide, appear to have general antioxidative properties and have traditionally been used as a diuretic.

Celery seed extract may help improve overall wellness, joint support, and digestive health.

Red Clover Extract

Red Clover is an herb that is high in isoflavones and is used for its beneficial effects on HDL cholesterol and improving blood flow.

It may also assist with weight loss.

Red clover also works as a powerful antioxidant to help rid the body of free radicals and waste.
Bligh et al. (2001) discovered 46 women who supplemented with Red Clover over a 6 month period improved HDL cholesterol levels by 15.7-28.6%

Dandelion Root

Taraxacum officinale, also known as dandelion, is a vegetable that has a diuretic (water loss) effect when ingested.

It is also a source of potassium and thereby helps replace diuresis-induced losses.
Dandelion may help ease digestion by increasing the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.
A study conducted by Clare et al. (2009) found dandelion three times a day in otherwise healthy subjects reported an increase in urination frequency relative to the same subjects the day before and after supplementation.

Bupleurum Root

Bupleurum root contains several active compounds, including sterols, saponins, and saikosaponins. Saponins and saikosaponins have an antioxidant action that helps to support the immune system, reduce redness and swelling, and stimulate the liver.

Bupleurum also contains a compound called rutin, which helps strengthen capillaries.

Triphala

Triphala is a combination of three botanicals - Amla, Behada, and Harada.

Triphala is commonly known for its digestive benefits, particularly its ability to help cleanse the body.
Triphala may help to cleanse toxins from the body, boost immunity and ease overall inflammation.

Slippery Elm Bark

Slippery Elm is a tree native to North America and it is the inner bark that has the medicinal value.

It contains mucilage, complex carbohydrates, tannins, and many other beneficial compounds.
The tannins help to tighten and constrict tissue.
Slippery Elm is also a demulcent, meaning that it is soothing, softening, buffering, and has poison-drawing qualities.
It helps to neutralize stomach acids, boost the adrenal glands, and draw out impurities.

Ginger Root

Ginger is a spice that can reduce nausea and ease digestion quite effectively.

It is commonly used to treat a myriad of stomach problems. It helps to reduce everything from heartburn to gas and diarrhea.
A meta-analysis conducted by Ernst et al. (2000) found ginger was able to reduce nausea induced by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy induced sickeness.

N-Acetyl-Cysteine

N-Acetyl-Cysteine is an acetylated form of L-Cysteine that is more bioavailable. It is often used for its high antioxidant content to reduce inflammation and counter oxidative stress.

It also works to bind various free radicals and poisons in the body so they can be removed through the digestive process and expelled.

Cape Aloe Leaf

Cape Aloe works as a side-effect free herb to help relieve gastroesophageal reflux disorder (allowing stomach acid to flow into the esophagus aka heartburn) and constipation.

It also works as a natural laxative by decreasing the amount of time it takes for waste to move through your colon.

Alpha Lipoic Acid

Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) is a mitochondrial fatty acid that is highly involved in energy metabolism. It is synthesized in the body and can be consumed through eating meats and minimally in some fruits/vegetables.

In supplement form, ALA has been shown to be a benefit against various forms of oxidation and inflammation. These effects carry on to benefits that protect one from heart diseases, liver diseases, diabetes, and neurological decline with age.
ALA is also a potent anti-oxidant compound. It works with mitochondria and the body’s natural anti-oxidant defenses.
It is also seen as an anti-aging compound since it can reverse some of the oxidant damage related effects of aging.

Spirulina

Spirulina is blue-green algae that have been shown to help in weight loss and reduce inflammation in the body.

Evidence also suggests that spirulina can improve lipid and glucose metabolism, while also reducing liver fat and protecting the heart.
Kalafati et al. (2010) found subjects who supplemented with spirulina for 4 weeks were able to prolong time to exhaustion in a 2-hour run secondary to increased fat oxidation, and also suppressed parameters of oxidation.

Wheatgrass

Wheat grass is a "superfood" that contains over 70 minerals and vitamins, hundreds of live enzymes, essential amino acids and antioxidants which improve digestion and fight free radical damage.

Wheat grass has the ability to help aid the body by removing various deposits of drugs, heavy metals, and toxins from the liver and blood.

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

Lactobacillus Acidophilus is a healthy intestinal bacteria used to improve digestion, restore good bacteria in the gut, and help treat certain bowel diseases.

It has been used to prevent diarrhea, treat indigestion and other digestive issues.

H2O DEPLETION MATRIX

Celery Seed Extract

Celery seed oil is a supplement containing a high amount of volatile compounds known as phthalides. These compounds, as well as the major component Sedanolide, appear to have general antioxidative properties and have traditionally been used as a diuretic.

Celery seed extract may help improve overall wellness, joint support, and digestive health.

Taraxacum Officinale Leaf Extract (Dandelion)

Taraxacum officinale, also known as dandelion, is a vegetable that has a diuretic (water loss) effect when ingested.

It is also a source of potassium and thereby helps replace diuresis-induced losses.
Dandelion may help ease digestion by increasing the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.
A study conducted by Clare et al. (2009) found dandelion three times a day in otherwise healthy subjects reported an increase in urination frequency relative to the same subjects the day before and after supplementation.

Uva-Ursi Root

Uva-Ursi is an herbal compound which has the effects of a mild diuretic and astringent (anti-inflammatory).

It helps to reduce accumulation of uric acid in the bladder and help the overall health and productivity of the urinary tract.
Uva-Ursi may also help reduce high blood pressure and bloating.
Its anti-inflammatory effects can help to tighten upper layers of the mucous membrane – relieving irritation and improving tissue firmness.

Caffeine Anhydrous

Caffeine Anhydrous is simply caffeine with no water (around .05%). This has been shown to make caffeine anhydrous more potent because the body will absorb it more readily.

Caffeine acts as a mild diuretic (water loss).
Although caffeine can affect a wide variety of motor and mental functions it is most commonly used to improve endurance exercise, focus, and cognitive performance, and improve energy levels.
Caffeine has also been shown to have a thermogenic effect (heating/calorie burning) at rest and may increase the use of fats for fuel during exercise.
According to the research higher doses of caffeine, in the 250-450mg range, are needed to provide an ergogenic benefit.
In a study conducted by Astorino et al. (2010), active men given caffeine before resistance training were able to increase maximal torque, power, and volume by 5-8%

Yerba Matte

Yerba matte is a south American plant that offers the stimulative effects of coffee with the health benefits of tea. It contains caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, and numerous antioxidants.

Yerba Matte may prevent lipid oxidation, which decreases the number of free radicals produced in the body.
It has been shown to reduce fat as well as lower LDL cholesterol.
Human studies have shown a reduction in inflammation when supplementing with Yerba Matte.
A 2009 study performed by the Federal University of Santa Catarina noted Yerba Mate ingestion for 20-40 days, in healthy individuals, was shown to reduce body fat content as well as lower LDL cholesterol. In turn, the reduction of body fat and LDL cholesterol levels aided in lowering systolic blood pressure.

Green Tea

Green Tea Extract is an herbal derivative from green tea leaves, containing antioxidant ingredients and caffeine.

This extract contains high amounts of catechins, including EGCG which helps with the metabolism of fat at rest and during exercise performance.
Green tea also reduces the formation of free radicals in the body which protect cells and molecules from damage.
A meta-analysis of 11 studies looking at green tea consumption over a period of 12 weeks minimum noted, on average, 1.31kg weight loss.

Asparagus Extract

Throughout history asparagus's most widespread health application has been for the support of fluid balance and cleansing.

Asparagus is a good source of dietary fiber, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and several minerals.
Asparagus is used along with lots of fluids as “irrigation therapy” to increase urine output.
It is also used to treat urinary tract infections and other conditions of the urinary tract that cause pain and swelling.

Watermelon Extract

Watermelon extract is high in vitamin C and citrulline. It is often used to improve hydration levels and replenish depleted electrolytes.

At the same time, watermelon extract can increase urine output, making it an effective diuretic.
Watermelon extract also has additional benefits such as soothing sore muscles and lowering blood pressure.
According to a new study in the Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry, drinking watermelon juice before a hard workout helped reduce athletes' heart rate and next-day muscle soreness. That's because watermelon is rich in an amino acid called L-citrulline, which the body converts to L-arginine, an essential amino acid that helps relax blood vessels and improve circulation.

Ginger Root

Ginger is a spice that can reduce nausea and ease digestion quite effectively.

It is commonly used to treat a myriad of stomach problems. It helps to reduce everything from heartburn to gas and diarrhea.
A meta-analysis conducted by Ernst et al. (2000) found ginger was able to reduce nausea induced by seasickness, morning sickness, and chemotherapy induced sickeness.

Juniper Extract

Juniper extract helps fight inflammation and various GI issues including upset stomach, heartburn, flatulence, bloating, and loss of appetite.

Juniper extract has been used as a diuretic. This activity is most likely due to the action of terpinen-4-ol, which is known to increase renal glomerular filtration rate.

Buchu Extract

Buchu is harvested from the dried leaves obtained from three species of Barosma.

Historically, buchu has been used to treat inflammation, kidney and urinary tract infections; and as a diuretic.

Taurine

Taurine has a myriad of benefits. From helping the body to metabolize fat, improving insulin sensitivity, raising testosterone levels, as an antioxidant, higher performance and quicker recovery during athletic training and increasing cardiovascular health… it goes without saying that Taurine is a great ingredient to have in your wheelhouse

Zhang et al. (2004) found that individuals who supplemented with taurine for 1 week before an exhaustive exercise bout significantly improved time to exhaustion, VO2 max, and maximal workload. It also decreased exercise induced DNA damage.

Astragalus Centralpinus

Astragalus is considered an adaptogenic herb that helps protect the body against various stresses, including mental, emotional, and physical stress.

Astragalus also demonstrates the capability, via adipocytes (fat cells), to improve glucose metabolism and diabetic symptoms through a variety of mechanisms.
Astragalus can enhance exercise endurance and performance. Studies using the herb found that supplementation reduced exercise-induced accumulation of the byproducts blood lactate and ammonia. This resulted in less fatigue and translates into improved exercise performance.

Chromium Polynicotinate

Chromium is a mineral our bodies use in small amounts for normal body functions, such as digesting food.

Chromium helps to move blood sugar from the bloodstream into the cells to be used as energy and to turn fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into energy.
Chromium also helps regulate fat and cholesterol in the body and may reduce food craving.
A study conducted by Anton et al. (2008) found that subjects supplementing with chromium over an 8 week period reduced hunger, cravings, and lost more weight compared to a placebo group.

ELECTROLYTE REPLENISHMENT MATRIX

Potassium

Potassium is a mineral found in varying amounts in almost all foods.

It is needed for building and keeping strong bones.
It also helps control the amount of calcium in the body and urine.
If potassium levels get too high or too low, the heart and nervous system completely shut down. Many people in the U.S. often fail to obtain optimal amounts of this nutrient and pay a health cost for it.

Calcium

Calcium is an electrolyte that is necessary for many functions, especially muscle contraction.

Therefore, the level of calcium in the blood has to be kept in a narrow range at all times.
If the blood calcium level drops, then the bones will release calcium until an optimal level is once again achieved. However, this compromises the strength of the bones.
Importantly, calcium is lost in sweat, so prolonged exercise requires calcium replenishment.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral and electrolyte. It is involved in protein synthesis, ATP formation, metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, and bone strength.

Magnesium deficiencies are the second most common deficiency in developed countries. A lack of magnesium will raise blood pressure and reduce insulin sensitivity.
Increases in free and total testosterone have been noted in sedentary and athletic populations when supplementing with magnesium supplementation. It also acts as a muscle relaxer and may improve aerobic performance.
Brilla et al. (1992) discovered 26 untrained subjects who participated in a 7-week strength training program in conjunction with magnesium supplementation were able to increase testosterone relative to baseline.

FAQS

Q: How do the products in the Shredded Stack work together?

A: Fat loss, as many know all too well, is a very difficult process. Primarily, this is due to the complexities and redundancies in body fat regulation as well as other factors that play into a well-developed physique.

The Shredded Stack uses a combination of stimulant-based and non-stim fat burners, essential fatty acids, detox ingredients, thermogenics, lipolytics, diuretics, and more alongside lean muscle support to strip away body fat, reduce the "softening" effects of body water, and enhance lean muscle mass.

Q: What is the difference between "lipolysis," "thermogenesis," and "fat burning/oxidation?"

A: Lipolysis is the release of body fat from body fat stores. Thermogenesis is the generation of heat - when this occurs inside the body, calories are expended to create heat - so thermogenesis and "calorie burn" are used interchangeably. Fat burning and fat oxidation are the same thing, but oxidation is the scientifically correct term. Fat oxidation is the actual breakdown of fat molecules to obtain energy as ATP; this also results in thermogenesis.

Q: Is taking a diuretic safe?

A: Yes, it is safe to take a diuretic. However, taking too much too often can result in dehydration, which can be detrimental to health and well being.

References

Whey protein isolate:

1. Hayes, A., & Cribb, P. J. (2008). Effect of whey protein isolates on strength, body composition, and muscle hypertrophy during resistance training. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 11(1), 40-44.

2. Pal, S., Ellis, V., & Dhaliwal, S. (2010). Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals. British journal of nutrition, 104(05), 716-723.

3. Burd, N. A., Yang, Y., Moore, D. R., Tang, J. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M. (2012). Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. British Journal of nutrition, 108(06), 958-962.

4. Cooke, M. B., Rybalka, E., Stathis, C. G., Cribb, P. J., & Hayes, A. (2010). Whey protein isolate attenuates strength decline after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 7(1), 30.

5. Renan, M., Mekmene, O., Famelart, M. H., Guyomarc'h, F., Arnoult-Delest, V., Pâquet, D., & Brulé, G. (2006). the pH-Dependent behavior of soluble protein aggregates formed during heat-treatment of milk at pH 6· 5 or 7· 2. Journal of dairy research, 73(01), 79-86.

6. Whetstine, M. C., Croissant, A. E., & Drake, M. A. (2005). Characterization of dried whey protein concentrate and isolate flavor. Journal of dairy science,88(11), 3826-3839.

Fibersol-2

1. Ohkuma, K., & Wakabayashi, S. (2001). Fibersol‐2: A Soluble, Non‐Digestible, Starch‐Derived Dietary Fibre. Advanced dietary fibre technology, 509-523.

2. Quigley, M. E., Hudson, G. J., & Englyst, H. N. (1999). Determination of resistant short-chain carbohydrates (non-digestible oligosaccharides) using gas–liquid chromatography. Food Chemistry, 65(3), 381-390.

3. Cho, S. S., & Samuel, P. (Eds.). (2009). Fiber ingredients: Food applications and health benefits. CRC Press.

4. Rodríguez-Cabezas, M. E., Camuesco, D., Arribas, B., Garrido-Mesa, N., Comalada, M., Bailón, E., ... & Gálvez, J. (2010). The combination of fructooligosaccharides and resistant starch shows prebiotic additive effects in rats. Clinical Nutrition, 29(6), 832-839

GlycoCarn

1. Long-term glycine propionyl-l-carnitine supplementation and paradoxical effects on repeated anaerobic sprint performance. Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Oct 28;7:35. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-35.

2. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects. Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WA. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2009 May;79(3):131-41. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.79.3.131.

L-Carnitine Tartrate

1. Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., French, D. N., Rubin, M. R., Sharman, M. J., Gómez, A. L., ... & Hakkinen, K. (2003). The effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recovery. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(3), 455-462.

2. Spiering, B. A., Kraemer, W. J., Vingren, J. L., Hatfield, D. L., Fragala, M. S., Ho, J. Y., ... & Volek, J. S. (2007). Responses of criterion variables to different supplemental doses of L-carnitine L-tartrate. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 259-264.

3. Ho, J. Y., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Fragala, M. S., Thomas, G. A., Dunn-Lewis, C., ... & Maresh, C. M. (2010). l-Carnitine l-tartrate supplementation favorably affects biochemical markers of recovery from physical exertion in middle-aged men and women. Metabolism, 59(8), 1190-1199.

4. Broad, E. M., Maughan, R. J., & Galloway, S. D. (2008). Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism during exercise after oral carnitine supplementation in humans.

5. Dehghani, M., Shakerian, S., Nejad, S. H., & Gharib-Naseri, M. K. (2015). Effects of L-Carnitine L-Tartrate Acute Consumption on Lipid Metabolism, Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and distance run Following Aerobic Exhaustive Exercise on Treadmill in Elite Athletes wrestling. The AYER, 2, 189-195.

CLA

1. Whingham LD, Watras CA, Scholler DA (2007). Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans. Am. J Clin Nutr 85 (5): 1203–1200

2. Smedman, A., & Vessby, B. (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans-metabolic effects. Lipids, 36(8), 773-781.

3. Belury, M.A. (October 2002). Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: Potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Nutrition 132 (10): 2995–2998

4. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, Causey J, Fernandes G. (December 2006). Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 17 (12): 789–810

5. Cannella C and Giusti AM (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid: a natural anticarcinogenic substance from animal food. Ital. J Food Sc, 12:123-27.

6. Lawson, RE, Moss, AR & Givens, DI (2001) The role of dairy products in supplying conjugated linoleic acid to man's diet: a review. Nutrition Research Reviews 14, 153-172.

7. Vaughan, R. A., Garcia-Smith, R., Bisoffi, M., Conn, C. A., & Trujillo, K. A. (2012). Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Lipids in health and disease, 11(1), 1.

MCT

1. Papamandjaris, A. A., White, M. D., & Jones, P. J. (1999). Components of Total Energy Expenditure in Healthy Young Women Are Not Affected after 14 Days of Feeding with Medium‐Versus Long‐Chain Triglycerides. Obesity research, 7(3), 273-280.

2. Krotkiewski, M. (2001). Value of VLCD supplementation with medium chain triglycerides. International Journal of Obesity, 25(9), 1393.

3. Papamandjaris, A. A., White, M. D., Raeini-Sarjaz, M., & Jones, P. J. H. (2000). Endogenous fat oxidation during medium chain versus long chain triglyceride feeding in healthy women. International journal of obesity, 24(9), 1158.

4. Han, J. R., Deng, B., Sun, J., Chen, C. G., Corkey, B. E., Kirkland, J. L., ... & Guo, W. (2007). Effects of dietary medium-chain triglyceride on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in a group of moderately overweight free-living type 2 diabetic Chinese subjects. Metabolism, 56(7), 985-991.

5. Marten, B., Pfeuffer, M., & Schrezenmeir, J. (2006). Medium-chain triglycerides. International Dairy Journal, 16(11), 1374-1382.

Lecithin

1. Glomset, J. A. (1972). The metabolic role of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase: perspectives from pathology. Advances in lipid research,11, 1-65.

2. O'doherty, P. J. A., Kakis, G., & Kuksis, A. (1973). Role of luminal lecithin in intestinal fat absorption. Lipids, 8(5), 249-255.

3. Augur, V., Rollman, H. S., & Deuel Jr, H. J. (1947). The effect of crude lecithin on the coefficient of digestibility and the rate of absorption of fat.Journal of Nutrition, 33, 177-186.

4. Spilburg, C. A., Goldberg, A. C., McGill, J. B., Stenson, W. F., Racette, S. B., Bateman, J., ... & Ostlund, R. E. (2003). Fat-free foods supplemented with soy stanol-lecithin powder reduce cholesterol absorption and LDL cholesterol. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(5), 577-581.

Ignitor

1. Nutritionals, G. Novel performance ingredient solutions.

2. Glanbia Ingredient Manual.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

1. Elam, M. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Davis, K. B., Garg, R., Johnson, C., Egan, D., ... & ADMIT Investigators. (2000). Effect of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. Jama,284(10), 1263-1270.

2. Goldberg, A., Alagona, P., Capuzzi, D. M., Guyton, J., Morgan, J. M., Rodgers, J., ... & Samuel, P. (2000). Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. The American journal of cardiology, 85(9), 1100-1105.

3. Guyton, J. R. (2007). Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. Current opinion in Lipidology, 18(4), 415-420.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

1. Czaja, J., Lebiedzinska, A., Marszall, M., & Szefer, P. (2011). Evaluation for magnesium and vitamin B6 supplementation among Polish elite athletes.Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 62(4).

2. Manore, M. M. (2000). Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(2), 598s-606s.

3. http://vitaminb6benefits.com/vitamin-b6-benefits

Chromium (Chromium Polynicotinate)

1. Parsons A, et al. A proof of concept randomized placebo-controlled factorial trial to examine the efficacy of St John's wort for smoking cessation and chromium to prevent weight gain on smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2009)

2. Abdollahi M, et al. Effect of chromium on glucose and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes; a meta-analysis review of randomized trials. J Pharm Pharm Sci. (2013)

3. Martin J, et al. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. (2006)

4. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr;23(4):313-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001. Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. Hua Y, Clark S, Ren J, Sreejayan N. College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

5. R. I. Press, J. Geller, and G. W. Evans The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects.

6. Harry G. Preuss1,*, Nadeem Talpur1, Vijaya Manohar1, Nagaveni Venkataramiah1 and Richard A. Anderson Chromium and hypertension

7. Stephen D. Anton, Christopher D. Morrison, William T. Cefalu, Corby K. Martin, Sandra Coulon, Paula Geiselman, Hongmei Han, Christy L. White, and Donald A. Williamson. Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Food Intake and Satiety

Caffeine Matrix (Caffeine Anhydrous, DiCaffeine Malate, Caffeine Citrate)

1. Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., ... & Wildman, R. (2010). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 7(1), 5.

2. Spriet, L. L. (1995). Caffeine and performance. International journal of sport nutrition, 5, S84-S84.

3. Beck, T. W., Housh, T. J., Schmidt, R. J., Johnson, G. O., Housh, D. J., Coburn, J. W., & Malek, M. H. (2006). The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 506-510.

4. McLellan, T. M., Kamimori, G. H., Voss, D. M., Tate, C., & Smith, S. J. (2007). Caffeine effects on physical and cognitive performance during sustained operations. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine, 78(9), 871-877.

5. Lieberman, H. R., Tharion, W. J., Shukitt-Hale, B., Speckman, K. L., & Tulley, R. (2002). Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training. Psychopharmacology, 164(3), 250-261.

6. Costill, D. L., Dalsky, G. P., & Fink, W. J. (1977). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Medicine and science in sports, 10(3), 155-158.

7. Kovacs, E. M., Stegen, J. H., & Brouns, F. (1998). Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and Performance. Journal of Applied physiology, 85(2), 709-715.

Beta-Phenylethylamine

1. Sabelli HC, Borison RL, Diamond BI, Havdala HS, Narasimhachari N. Phenylethylamine and brain function. Biochem Pharmacol. 1978

2. Calvert R, Vohra S, Ferguson M, Wiesenfeld P. A beating heart cell model to predict cardiotoxicity: effects of the dietary supplement ingredients higenamine, phenylethylamine, ephedrine and caffeine. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015

3. Greenshaw AJ. Functional interactions of 2-phenylethylamine and of tryptamine with brain catecholamines: implications for psychotherapeutic drug action. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1989

4. Nieforth KA. Psychotomimetic phenethylamines. J Pharm Sci. 1971

5. Heuson E, Storgaard M, Huynh TH, Charmantray F, Gefflaut T, Bunch L. Profiling substrate specificity of two series of phenethylamine analogs at monoamine oxidase A and B. Org Biomol Chem. 2014

6. Boulton AA, Juorio AV, Paterson IA. Phenylethylamine in the CNS: effects of monoamine oxidase inhibiting drugs, deuterium substitution, and lesions and its role in the neuromodulation of catecholaminergic neurotransmission. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1990

Celery Seed Extract

1. Ahmed B, Alam T, Varshney M, Khan SA. Hepatoprotective activity of two plants belonging to the Apiaceae and the Euphorbiaceae family. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):313-6.

2. Al-Howiriny T, Alsheikh A, Alqasoumi S, Al-Yahya M, ElTahir K, Rafatullah S. Gastric antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharm Biol. 2010 Jul;48(7):786-93.

3. Atta AH, Alkofahi A. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60:117-124.

4. Banerjee S, Sharma R, Kale RK, Rao AR. Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and acid-soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver. Nutr Cancer. 1994;21:263-269. Abstract.

5. Boffa MJ, Gilmour E, Ead RD. Case report. Celery soup causing severe phototoxicity during PUVA therapy [letter]. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(2):334.

6. Cheung MC, Lin LY, Yu TH, Peng RY. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountian celery seed essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(11):3997-4003.

Hordenine

1. Barwell, C. J., Basma, A. N., Lafi, M. A. K., & Leake, L. D. (1989). Deamination of hordenine by monoamine oxidase and its action on vasa deferentia of the rat. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 41(6), 421-423.

2. Hapke, HJ, Strathmann, W. (1995). Pharmacological effects of Hordenine. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1995 Jun;102(6):228-32.

3. Frank, M., Weckman, T. J., Wood, T., Woods, W. E., TAI, C. L., CHANG, S. L., ... & Tobin, T. (1990). Hordenine: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects in the horse. Equine veterinary journal, 22(6), 437-441.

Diindolylmethane (DIM)

1. Lo, R., & Matthews, J. (2010). A New Class of Estrogen Receptor Beta–Selective Activators. Molecular interventions, 10(3), 133.

2. Leong, H., Riby, J. E., Firestone, G. L., & Bjeldanes, L. F. (2004). Potent ligand-independent estrogen receptor activation by 3, 3′-diindolylmethane is mediated by cross-talk between the protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Molecular Endocrinology, 18(2), 291-302.

3. Leong, H., Firestone, G. L., & Bjeldanes, L. F. (2001). Cytostatic effects of 3, 3′-diindolylmethane in human endometrial cancer cells result from an estrogen receptor-mediated increase in transforming growth factor-α expression. Carcinogenesis, 22(11), 1809-1817.

4. Sanderson, J. T., Slobbe, L., Lansbergen, G. W., Safe, S., & Van den Berg, M. (2001). 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and diindolylmethanes differentially induce cytochrome P450 1A1, 1B1, and 19 in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicological Sciences, 61(1), 40-48.

5. Safe, S., Wang, F., Porter, W., Duan, R., & McDougal, A. (1998). Ah receptor agonists as endocrine disruptors: antiestrogenic activity and mechanisms. Toxicology letters, 102, 343-347.

Phosphatidylserine (PS)

1. Kingsley, M. I., Miller, M., Kilduff, L. P., McENENY, J. A. N. E., & Benton, D. (2006). Effects of phosphatidylserine on exercise capacity during cycling in active males. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(1), 64-71.

2. Starks, M. A., Starks, S. L., Kingsley, M., Purpura, M., & Jäger, R. (2008). The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,5(1), 1-6.

3. Carter, J., & Greenwood, M. (2015). Phosphatidylserine for the Athlete.Strength & Conditioning Journal, 37(1), 61-68. 4. Kingsley, M. (2006). Effects of phosphatidylserine supplementation on exercising humans. Sports medicine, 36(8), 657-669.

Advantra Z

1. Lopez, H. L., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Hofheins, J. E., Habowski, S. M., Arent, S. M., Weir, J. P., & Ferrando, A. A. (2013). Eight weeks of supplementation with a multi-ingredient weight loss product enhances body composition, reduces hip and waist girth, and increases energy levels in overweight men and women. J Int Soc. Sports Nutr, 10(1), 22.

2. Stohs, S. J., & Preuss, H. G. (2012). Stereochemical and pharmacological differences between naturally occurring p-synephrine and synthetic p-synephrine. Journal of Functional Foods, 4(1), 2-5

3. Seifert, J. G., Nelson, A., Devonish, J., Burke, E. R., & Stohs, S. J. (2011). Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. Int J Med Sci, 8(3), 192-197.

4. Haller, C. A., Duan, M., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. (2008). Human pharmacology of a performance‐enhancing dietary supplement under resting and exercise conditions. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 65(6), 833-840.

5. Sale, C., Harris, R. C., Delves, S., & Corbett, J. (2006). Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males.International Journal of Obesity, 30(5), 764-773.

Halostachine

1. Yao, X., Parnot, C., Deupi, X., Ratnala, V. R., Swaminath, G., Farrens, D., & Kobilka, B. (2006). Coupling ligand structure to specific conformational switches in the β2-adrenoceptor. Nature chemical biology, 2(8), 417-422.

2. Shannon, H. E., Cone, E. J., & Yousefnejad, D. A. V. I. D. (1982). Physiologic effects and plasma kinetics of beta-phenylethylamine and its N-methyl homolog in the dog. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 223(1), 190-196.

3. Aasen, A. J., Culvenor, C. C. J., Finnie, E. P., Kellock, A. W., & Smith, L. W. (1969). Alkaloids as a possible cause of ryegrass staggers in grazing livestock. Crop and Pasture Science, 20(1), 71-86.

4. Liapakis, G., Chan, W. C., Papadokostaki, M., & Javitch, J. A. (2004). Synergistic contributions of the functional groups of epinephrine to its affinity and efficacy at the β2 adrenergic receptor. Molecular pharmacology, 65(5), 1181-1190.

5. Osamu, S., Masakazu, O., & Yoshinao, K. (1980). Characterization of N-methylphenethylamine and N-methylphenylethanolamine as substrates for type A and type B monoamine oxidase. Biochemical Pharmacology, 29(19), 2563-2566.

Synephrine

1. Stohs, S. J., et al. Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes. Int J Med Sci. 8(4):295-301, 2011.

2. Stohs, S. J., et al. A review of the human clinical studies involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Int J Med Sci. 9(7):527-38, 2012.

3. Sale, C., et al. Metabolic and physiological effects of ingesting extracts of bitter orange, green tea and guarana at rest and during treadmill walking in overweight males. International Journal of Obesity 1:10, 2006.

4. Gougeon, R., et al. Increase in the thermic effect of food by adrenergic amines extracted from Citrus aurantium. Obesity Research 13(7):1187-94, 2005.

5. Zenk, J. L., et al. Effect of multi-ingredient weight-loss product on metabolic rate and body composition. Nutrition 21:179-185, 2005.

6. Preuss, H. G., et al. Citrus aurantium as a thermogenic, weight reduction replacement for ephedra: An overview. Journal of Medicine 33:1-4, 2002.

7. Stohs, S. J., et al. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2001.

8. Stohs, S. J., et al. The safety of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine. Phytotherapy Research, 2011.

9. Kaats, G.R. et al. A 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology 55:358-362, 2013.

10. Seifert, J. G., et al. Effect of acute administration of an herbal preparation on blood pressure and heart rate in humans. International Journal of Medical Sciences 8(3):192-197, 2011.

11. Stohs, S. J. and Preuss, H. G. Stereochemical and physiological differences between naturally occurring p-synephrine and synthetic p-synephrine. Journal of Functional Foods 4:2-5, 2012.

Yohimbe HCL

1. Ostojic, S. M. (2006). Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players. Research in Sports Medicine, 14(4), 289-299. 2. Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H. (1998). Yohimbine for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of urology, 159(2), 433-436.

CapsiAtra™ (Dihydrocapsiate)

1. Galgani, J. E., & Ravussin, E. (2010). Effect of dihydrocapsiate on resting metabolic rate in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 92(5), 1089-1093.

2. Lee, T. A., Li, Z., Zerlin, A., & Heber, D. (2010). Effects of dihydrocapsiate on adaptive and diet-induced thermogenesis with a high protein very low calorie diet: a randomized control trial. Nutrition & metabolism, 7(1), 1.

3. Galgani, J. E., Ryan, D. H., & Ravussin, E. (2010). Effect of capsinoids on energy metabolism in human subjects. British journal of nutrition, 103(01), 38-42.

4. Inoue, N., Matsunaga, Y., Satoh, H., & Takahashi, M. (2007). Enhanced energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans with high BMI scores by the ingestion of novel and non-pungent capsaicin analogues (capsinoids). Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, 71(2), 380-389.

CLA

1. Whingham LD, Watras CA, Scholler DA (2007). Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans. Am. J Clin Nutr 85 (5): 1203–1200

2. Smedman, A., & Vessby, B. (2001). Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans-metabolic effects. Lipids, 36(8), 773-781.

3. Belury, M.A. (October 2002). Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid: Potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Nutrition 132 (10): 2995–2998

4. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, Causey J, Fernandes G. (December 2006). Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 17 (12): 789–810

5. Cannella C and Giusti AM (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid: a natural anticarcinogenic substance from animal food. Ital. J Food Sc, 12:123-27.

6. Lawson, RE, Moss, AR & Givens, DI (2001) The role of dairy products in supplying conjugated linoleic acid to man's diet: a review. Nutrition Research Reviews 14, 153-172.

7. Vaughan, R. A., Garcia-Smith, R., Bisoffi, M., Conn, C. A., & Trujillo, K. A. (2012). Conjugated linoleic acid or omega 3 fatty acids increase mitochondrial biosynthesis and metabolism in skeletal muscle cells. Lipids in health and disease, 11(1), 1.

EPA/DHA

1. Muldoon, M. F., Ryan, C. M., Sheu, L., Yao, J. K., Conklin, S. M., & Manuck, S. B. (2010). Serum phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid is associated with cognitive functioning during middle adulthood. The Journal of nutrition, 140(4), 848-853.

2. Tartibian, B., Maleki, B. H., & Abbasi, A. (2010). The effects of omega-3 supplementation on pulmonary function of young wrestlers during intensive training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2), 281-286.

3. Kamolrat, T., Gray, S. R., & Thivierge, M. C. (2013). Fish oil positively regulates anabolic signalling alongside an increase in whole-body gluconeogenesis in ageing skeletal muscle. European journal of nutrition,52(2), 647-657.

4. Conklin, S. M., Gianaros, P. J., Brown, S. M., Yao, J. K., Hariri, A. R., Manuck, S. B., & Muldoon, M. F. (2007). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults. Neuroscience letters, 421(3), 209-212.

5. Micallef, M., Munro, I., Phang, M., & Garg, M. (2009). Plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are negatively associated with obesity. British journal of nutrition, 102(09), 1370-1374.

6. Ryan, A. M., Reynolds, J. V., Healy, L., Byrne, M., Moore, J., Brannelly, N., ... & Flood, P. (2009). Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Annals of surgery,249(3), 355-363.

7. Noreen, E. E., Sass, M. J., Crowe, M. L., Pabon, V. A., Brandauer, J., & Averill, L. K. (2010). Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 1-7.

8. Gil, A. (2002). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 388-396.

9. Li, D. (2015). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-communicable diseases: a meta-analysis based systematic review. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 24(1), 10.

10. Farzaneh-Far, R., Lin, J., Epel, E. S., Harris, W. S., Blackburn, E. H., & Whooley, M. A. (2010). Association of marine omega-3 fatty acid levels with telomeric aging in patients with coronary heart disease. Jama, 303(3), 250-257.

11. Munro, I. A., & Garg, M. L. (2013). Prior supplementation with long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes weight loss in obese adults: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. Food & Function, 4(4), 650-658.

12. Buckley, J. D., & Howe, P. R. (2010). Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial for reducing obesity—a review. Nutrients,2(12), 1212-1230.

13. Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D. N., Mohammed, B. S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2011). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia–hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women. Clinical science, 121(6), 267-278.

14. Smith, G. I., Atherton, P., Reeds, D. N., Mohammed, B. S., Rankin, D., Rennie, M. J., & Mittendorfer, B. (2011). Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 93(2), 402-412.

15. Liu, Y., Chen, F., Odle, J., Lin, X., Zhu, H., Shi, H., ... & Yin, J. (2013). Fish oil increases muscle protein mass and modulates Akt/FOXO, TLR4, and NOD signaling in weanling piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge. The Journal of nutrition, 143(8), 1331-1339.

Alpha Linoleic Acid

1. Burdge, G. C., & Calder, P. C. (2006). Dietary α-linolenic acid and health-related outcomes: a metabolic perspective. Nutrition research reviews,19(01), 26-52.

2. Simopoulos, A. P. (1991). Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 54(3), 438-463.

3. Cunnane, S. C., Ganguli, S., Menard, C., Liede, A. C., Hamadeh, M. J., Chen, Z. Y., ... & Jenkins, D. J. (1993). High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. British Journal of Nutrition, 69(02), 443-453.

4. Yehuda, S., Rabinovitz, S., & Mostofsky, D. I. (2005). Mixture of essential fatty acids lowers test anxiety. Nutritional Neuroscience, 8(4), 265-267.

Linoleic Acid

1. Burr, G. O., & Burr, M. M. (1930). On the nature and role of the fatty acids essential in nutrition. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 86(2), 587-621.

2. Cunnane, S. C., & Anderson, M. J. (1997). Pure linoleate deficiency in the rat: influence on growth, accumulation of n-6 polyunsaturates, and [1-14C] linoleate oxidation. Journal of lipid research, 38(4), 805-812.

3. Kinsella, J. E., Lokesh, B., & Stone, R. A. (1990). Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and amelioration of cardiovascular disease: possible mechanisms. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 52(1), 1-28.

4. De Lorgeril, M., Renaud, S., Salen, P., Monjaud, I., Mamelle, N., Martin, J. L., ... & Delaye, J. (1994). Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. The Lancet, 343(8911), 1454-1459.

5. Peyrat-Maillard, M. N., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (2003). Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidation: Synergistic and antagonistic effects. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 80(10), 1007-1012.

Oleic Acid

1. Parthasarathy, S., Khoo, J. C., Miller, E., Barnett, J., Witztum, J. L., & Steinberg, D. (1990). Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative modification: implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 87(10), 3894-3898.

2. Terés, S., Barcelo-Coblijn, G., Benet, M., Alvarez, R., Bressani, R., Halver, J. E., & Escribá, P. V. (2008). Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by olive oil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(37), 13811-13816.

3. Lopez-Huertas, E. (2010). Health effects of oleic acid and long chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) enriched milks. A review of intervention studies. Pharmacological Research, 61(3), 200-207.

Calcium D Glucarate

1. Lonky, S. A. Calcium D-Glucarate.

2. Marsh, C. A. (1986). Biosynthesis of d-glucaric acid in mammals: a free-radical mechanism?. Carbohydrate research, 153(1), 119-131.

3. Dwivedi, C., Heck, W. J., Downie, A. A., Larroya, S., & Webb, T. E. (1990). Effect of calcium glucarate on β-glucuronidase activity and glucarate content of certain vegetables and fruits. Biochemical medicine and metabolic biology, 43(2), 83-92.

4. Zheng, Z., Fang, J. L., & Lazarus, P. (2002). Glucuronidation: an important mechanism for detoxification of benzo [a] pyrene metabolites in aerodigestive tract tissues. Drug metabolism and disposition, 30(4), 397-403.

Psyllium Husk

1. Stevens, J., VanSoest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Levitsky, D. A. (1988). Comparison of the effects of psyllium and wheat bran on gastrointestinal transit time and stool characteristics. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 88(3), 323-326.

2. de Bock, M., Derraik, J. G., Brennan, C. M., Biggs, J. B., Smith, G. C., Cameron-Smith, D., ... & Cutfield, W. S. (2012). Psyllium supplementation in adolescents improves fat distribution & lipid profile: a randomized, participant-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. PloS one, 7(7), e41735.

3. Marlett, J. A., Kajs, T. M., & Fischer, M. H. (2000). An unfermented gel component of psyllium seed husk promotes laxation as a lubricant in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(3), 784-789.

4. Prynne, C. J., & Southgate, D. A. T. (1979). The effects of a supplement of dietary fibre on faecal excretion by human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, 41(03), 495-503.

Cascara Sagrada

1. Linderborg, Kaisa; Laaksonen, Oskar; Kallio, Heikki; Yang, Baoru. (2011). Flavonoids, sugars and fruit acids of alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina) from Finnish Lapland. Food Research International. Vol. 44 (7, Sp. Iss. SI)

2. Wu, X. L., Gu, L. W., Prior, R. L., & McKay, S. (2004). Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia, and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7846−7856.

3. Galvano, F., La Fauci, L., Lazzarino, G., Fogliano, V., Ritieni, A., Ciappelano, S., et al. (2004). Cyanidins: Metabolism and biological properties. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 15, 2−11.

4. Yi, W., Akoh, C. C., Fishcer, J., & Krewer, G. (2006). Effects of phenolic compounds in blueberries and muscadine grapes on HepG2 cell viability and apoptosis. Food Research International, 39, 628−638.

5. Zafra-Stone, S., Yasmin, T., Bagchi, M., Chatterjee, A., Vinson, J. A., & Bagchi, D. (2007). Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 51, 675−683.

6. Buchert, J., Koponen, J. M., Suutarinen, M., Mustranta, A., Lille, M., Torronen, R., et al. (2005). Effect of enzyme-aided pressing on anthocyanin yield and profiles in bilberry and blackcurrant juices. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 85, 2548−2556.

7. Häkkinen, S., Heinonen, M., Kärenlampi, S., Mykkänen, H., Ruuskanen, J., & Törrönen, R. (1999). Screening of selected flavonoids and phenolic acids in 19 berries. Food Research International, 32, 345−353.

8. Laaksonen, O., Sandell, M., & Kallio, H. (2010). Chemical factors contributing to orosensory profiles of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fractions. European Food Research and Technology, 231, 271−285.

9. Lätti, A. K., Riihinen, K. R., & Kainulainen, P. S. (2008). Analysis of anthocyanin variation in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Finland. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 190−196.

10. Kärppä, J., Kallio, H., Peltonen, I., & Linko, R. (1984). Anthocyanins of crowberry, Empetrum-nigrum coll. Journal of Food Science, 49, 634−636.

11. Laaksonen, O., Sandell, M., Järvinen, R., & Kallio, H. (2011). Orosensory contributing compounds in crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) press-byproducts. Food Chemistry, 124, 1514−1524.

Celery Seed Extract

1. Ahmed B, Alam T, Varshney M, Khan SA. Hepatoprotective activity of two plants belonging to the Apiaceae and the Euphorbiaceae family. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):313-6.

2. Al-Howiriny T, Alsheikh A, Alqasoumi S, Al-Yahya M, ElTahir K, Rafatullah S. Gastric antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharm Biol. 2010 Jul;48(7):786-93.

3. Atta AH, Alkofahi A. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60:117-124.

4. Banerjee S, Sharma R, Kale RK, Rao AR. Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and acid-soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver. Nutr Cancer. 1994;21:263-269. Abstract.

5. Boffa MJ, Gilmour E, Ead RD. Case report. Celery soup causing severe phototoxicity during PUVA therapy [letter]. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(2):334.

6. Cheung MC, Lin LY, Yu TH, Peng RY. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountian celery seed essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(11):3997-4003.

Red Clover Extract

1. Nestel, P. J., Pomeroy, S., Kay, S., Komesaroff, P., Behrsing, J., Cameron, J. D., & West, L. (1999). Isoflavones from Red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but Not plasma lipids in menopausal women 1. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84(3), 895-898.

2. Terzic, M. M., Dotlic, J., Maricic, S., Mihailovic, T., & Tosic‐Race, B. (2009). Influence of red clover‐derived isoflavones on serum lipid profile in postmenopausal women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research,35(6), 1091-1095.

3. Clifton-Bligh, P. B., Baber, R. J., Fulcher, G. R., Nery, M. L., & Moreton, T. (2001). The effect of isoflavones extracted from red clover (Rimostil) on lipid and bone metabolism. Menopause, 8(4), 259-265.

Dandelion Root

1. Lee et al. 2012; Effects of Taraxacum officinale on fatigue and immunological parameters in mice.

2. Jeon et al. 2008; the Anti-inflammatory activity of Taraxacum officinale.

3. Choi et al. 2010; Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits.

4. Turski et al. 2011; Distribution, synthesis, and absorption of kynurenic acid in plants.

5. Domitrovic et al. 2010; Antifibrotic activity of Taraxacum officinale root in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice.

6. Chatterjee et al 2011; The efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells.

7. Ovadje et al 2012; Efficient induction of extrinsic cell death by dandelion root extract in human chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) cells.

Bupleurum Root

1. USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database ( http://plants.usda.gov , 27 April 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

2. Chevallier, A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. New York, NY: DK Publishing; 1996: 68.

3. Radix Bupleuri. In: WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants . Vol 1. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999: 67-76.

4. Tian RT, Xie PS, Liu HP. Evaluation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine: Chaihu (Bupleuri Radix) by both high-performance liquid chromatographic and high-performance thin-layer chromatographic fingerprint and chemometric analysis. J Chromatogr A . 2009;1216(11):2150-2155.

5. Li XQ, Song AH, Li W, Chen XH, Bi KS. Analysis of the fatty acid from Bupleurum Chinense DC in China by GC-MS and GC-FID. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) . 2005;53(12):1613-1617.

Triphala

1. Al Rehaily, A. J., Al Howiriny, T. A., Al Sohaibani, M. O., and Rafatullah, S. Gastroprotective effects of 'Amla' Emblica officinalis on in vivo test models in rats. Phytomedicine. 2002;9(6):515-522. View abstract.

2. Bafna, P. A. and Balaraman, R. Anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant activity of pepticare, a herbomineral formulation. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(4):264-270. View abstract.

3. D'Souza, P., Amit, A., Saxena, V. S., Bagchi, D., Bagchi, M., and Stohs, S. J. Antioxidant properties of Aller-7, a novel polyherbal formulation for allergic rhinitis. Drugs Exp.Clin.Res. 2004;30(3):99-109. View abstract.

4. Duan, W., Yu, Y., and Zhang, L. Antiatherogenic effects of Phyllanthus emblica associated with corilagin and its analog. Yakugaku Zasshi 2005;125(7):587-591. View abstract.

5. Jain, S. K., and Khurdiya, D. S. Vitamin C enrichment of fruit juice based ready-to-serve beverages through blending of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) juice. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 2004;59(2):63-66. View abstract.

6. Jose, J. K. and Kuttan, R. Hepatoprotective activity of Emblica officinalis and Chyavanaprash. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):135-140. View abstract.

Slippery Elm Bark

1. Bock S. Integrative medical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Integr Med. 2000;2:21-29.

2. Brown AC, Hairfield M, Richards DG, McMillin DL, Mein EA, Nelson CD. Medical nutrition therapy as a potential complementary treatment for psoriasis -- five case reports. Altern Med Rev. 2004;9:297-307.

3. Hawrelak JA, Myers SP. Effects of two natural medicine formulations on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:1065-71.

4. Langmead L, Dawson C, Hawkins C, Banna N, Loo S, Rampton DS. Antioxidant effects of herbal therapies used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an in vitro study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:197-205.

5. Rakel D. Rakel: Integrative Medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:43. 6. Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Evidence-based Herbal Medicine. Philadelphia, Penn: Hanley & Belfus, Inc.;2202:337-338.

Ginger Root

1. Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H. (2000). Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. British journal of anesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.

2. Chaiyakunapruk, N., Kitikannakorn, N., Nathisuwan, S., Leeprakobboon, K., & Leelasettagool, C. (2006). The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 194(1), 95-99.

3. Smith, C., Crowther, C., Willson, K., Hotham, N., & McMillian, V. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103(4), 639-645.

4. Black, C. D., Herring, M. P., Hurley, D. J., & O'Connor, P. J. (2010). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 894-903.

5. Wu, K. L., Rayner, C. K., Chuah, S. K., Changchien, C. S., Lu, S. N., Chiu, Y. C., ... & Lee, C. M. (2008). Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. European journal of gastroenterology & Hepatology, 20(5), 436-440.

6. Wu, K. L., Rayner, C. K., Chuah, S. K., Changchien, C. S., Lu, S. N., Chiu, Y. C., ... & Lee, C. M. (2008). Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. European journal of gastroenterology & Hepatology, 20(5), 436-440.

N-Acetyl-Cysteine

1. Holdiness, M. R. (1991). Clinical pharmacokinetics of N-acetylcysteine.Clinical pharmacokinetics, 20(2), 123-134.

2. Wang, L., Wang, Z., & Liu, J. (2010). Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on experimental chronic lead nephrotoxicity in immature female rats. Human & experimental toxicology, 29(7), 581-591.

3. Kasperczyk, S., Dobrakowski, M., Kasperczyk, A., Ostałowska, A., & Birkner, E. (2013). The administration of N-acetylcysteine reduces oxidative stress and regulates glutathione metabolism in the blood cells of workers exposed to lead. Clinical Toxicology, 51(6), 480-486.

4. Kasperczyk, A., Słowińska-Łożyńska, L., Dobrakowski, M., Zalejska-Fiolka, J., & Kasperczyk, S. (2014). The effect of lead-induced oxidative stress on blood viscosity and rheological properties of erythrocytes in lead-exposed humans. Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation, 56(3), 187-195.

Cape Aloe Leaf

1. Boudreau MD, Beland FA. An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (miller), Aloe vera. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2006 Apr;24(1):103-54.

2. Capasso F, Borrelli F, Capasso R, et al. Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytother Res. 1998;12:S124-S127.

3. Cellini L, Di Bartolomeo S, Di Campli E, Genovese S, Locatelli M, Di Giulio M. In vitro activity of Aloe vera inner gel against Helicobacter pylori strains. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014;59(1):43-8.

4. Cowan D. Oral Aloe vera as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a summary. Br J Community Nurs. 2010;15(6):280-2.

5. Dat AD, Poon F, Pham KB, Doust J. Aloe vera for treating acute and chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(2).

6. Davis RH, Parker WL, Murdoch DP. Aloe vera as a biologically active vehicle for hydrocortisone acetate. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1991;81:1-9.

7. Devaraj S, Yimam M, Brownell LA, Jialal I, Singh S, Jia Q. Effects of Aloe vera supplementation in subjects with prediabetes/metabolic syndrome. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2013;11(1):35-40.

8. du Plessis LH, Hamman JH. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties of aloe whole leaf and gel materials. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2014;37(2):169-77.

Spirulina

1. Kalafati, M., Jamurtas, A. Z., Nikolaidis, M. G., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, A. A., Sakellariou, G. K., ... & Kouretas, D. (2010). Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc,42(1), 142-51.

2. Lee, E. H., Park, J. E., Choi, Y. J., Huh, K. B., & Kim, W. Y. (2008). A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2(4), 295-300.

3. Ferreira-Hermosillo, A., Torres-Duran, P. V., & Juarez-Oropeza, M. A. (2010). Case report Hepatoprotective effects of Spirulina maxima in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case series.

Wheatgrass

1. Rudolph C. The therapeutic value of chlorophyll. Clin Med Surg 1930;37:119-21. 2. Lam and Brush. "Chlorophyll and Wound Healing: Experimental and Clinical Study," American Journal of Surgery. 80, 204-20 (1950) .

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

1. Andrade, S., & Borges, N. (2009). Effect of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum on plasma lipids of women with normal or moderately elevated cholesterol. Journal of dairy research, 76(04), 469-474.

2. ARAYA-KOJIMA, T., YAESHIMA, T., ISHIBASHI, N., SHIMAMURA, S., & HAYASAWA, H. (1995). Inhibitory effects of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on harmful intestinal bacteria. Bifidobacteria and Microflora, 14(2), 59-66.

3. Chouraqui, J. P., Grathwohl, D., Labaune, J. M., Hascoet, J. M., de Montgolfier, I., Leclaire, M., ... & Steenhout, P. (2008). Assessment of the safety, tolerance, and protective effect against diarrhea of infant formulas containing mixtures of probiotics or probiotics and prebiotics in a randomized controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(5), 1365-1373.

4. Grill, J. P., Manginot-Dürr, C., Schneider, F., & Ballongue, J. (1995). Bifidobacteria and probiotic effects: action of Bifidobacterium species on conjugated bile salts. Current Microbiology, 31(1), 23-27.

Celery Seed Extract

1. Ahmed B, Alam T, Varshney M, Khan SA. Hepatoprotective activity of two plants belonging to the Apiaceae and the Euphorbiaceae family. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 Mar;79(3):313-6.

2. Al-Howiriny T, Alsheikh A, Alqasoumi S, Al-Yahya M, ElTahir K, Rafatullah S. Gastric antiulcer, antisecretory and cytoprotective properties of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats. Pharm Biol. 2010 Jul;48(7):786-93.

3. Atta AH, Alkofahi A. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60:117-124.

4. Banerjee S, Sharma R, Kale RK, Rao AR. Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and acid-soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver. Nutr Cancer. 1994;21:263-269. Abstract.

5. Boffa MJ, Gilmour E, Ead RD. Case report. Celery soup causing severe phototoxicity during PUVA therapy [letter]. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(2):334.

6. Cheung MC, Lin LY, Yu TH, Peng RY. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountian celery seed essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(11):3997-4003.

Dandelion

1. Lee et al. 2012; Effects of Taraxacum officinale on fatigue and immunological parameters in mice.

2. Jeon et al. 2008; Anti-inflammatory activity of Taraxacum officinale.

3. Choi et al. 2010; Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits.

4. Turski et al. 2011; Distribution, synthesis, and absorption of kynurenic acid in plants.

5. Domitrovic et al. 2010; Antifibrotic activity of Taraxacum officinale root in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice.

6. Chaterjee et al 2011; The efficacy of dandelion root extract in inducing apoptosis in drug-resistant human melanoma cells.

7. Ovadje et al 2012; Efficient induction of extrinsic cell death by dandelion root extract in human chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) cells.

Uva-Ursi

1. Beaux D, Fleurentin J, Mortier F. Effect of extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in rats. Phytother Res. 1999;13(3):222-5.

2. Chauhan B, Yu C, Krantis A, Scott I, Arnason JT, Marles RJ, Foster BC. In vitro activity of uva-ursi against cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and P-glycoprotein. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85(11):1099-107.

3. Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauza A, Prieto R, March JG Urolithiasis and phytotherapy. Int Urol Nephrol. 1994;26(5):507-11.

4. Head KA. Natural approaches to prevention and treatment of infections of the lower urinary tract. Altern Med Rev. 2008;13(3):227-44.

5. Larsson B, Jonasson A, Fianu S. Prophylactic effect of UVA-E in women with recurrent cystitis: a preliminary report. Curr Ther Res. 1993;53:441-3.

6. Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Tanaka T, Kubo M. [Pharmacological studies on leaf of arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. V. Effects of water extract from arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Bearberry leaf) on the antiallergic anti-inflammatory activities of dexamethasone ointment.] Yakugaku Zasshi - J Pharm Soc Jpn. 1992;112(9):673-7.

7. Matsuda H, Nakata H, Tanaka T, Kubo M. [Pharmacological study on Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. II. Combined effects of arbutin and prednisolone or dexamethazone on immuno-inflammation] Yakugaku Zasshi. 1990;110(1):68-76.

Yerba Matte

1. Bracesco, N., Sanchez, A. G., Contreras, V., Menini, T., & Gugliucci, A. (2011). Recent advances on Ilex paraguariensis research: minireview.Journal of ethnopharmacology, 136(3), 378-384.

2. De Morais, E. C., Stefanuto, A., Klein, G. A., Boaventura, B. C., De Andrade, F., Wazlawik, E., ... & da Silva, E. L. (2009). Consumption of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) improves serum lipid parameters in healthy dyslipidemic subjects and provides an additional LDL-cholesterol reduction in individuals on statin therapy. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,57(18), 8316-8324.

3. Arçari, D. P., Bartchewsky, W., Santos, T. W., Oliveira, K. A., Funck, A., Pedrazzoli, J., ... & Carvalho, P. D. O. (2009). Antiobesity Effects of yerba maté Extract (Ilex paraguariensis) in High‐fat Diet–induced Obese Mice.Obesity, 17(12), 2127-2133.

4. Matsumoto, R. L., Bastos, D. H., Mendonça, S., Nunes, V. S., Bartchewsky Jr, W., Ribeiro, M. L., & de Oliveira Carvalho, P. (2009). Effects of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) ingestion on mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant status in healthy young women.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(5), 1775-1780.

5. Da Silva, E. L., Neiva, T. J., Shirai, M., Terao, J., & Abdalla, D. S. (2008). Acute ingestion of yerba mate infusion (Ilex paraguariensis) inhibits plasma and lipoprotein oxidation. Food Research International, 41(10), 973-979.

Green tea

1. Effects of ingestion of a commercially available thermogenic dietary supplement on resting energy expenditure, mood state and cardiovascular measures. Outlaw J, Wilborn C, Smith A, Urbina S, Hayward S. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013 Apr 30;10(1):25.

2. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Dulloo AG, Duret C, Rohrer D, Girardier L, Mensi N, Fathi M, Chantre P, Vandermander J. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Dec;70(6):1040-5

3. Neurochemical and behavioral effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis): a model study. Mirza B, Ikram H, Bilgrami S, Haleem DJ, Haleem MA. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2013 May;26(3):511-6.

4. The effect of green tea extract on fat oxidation at rest and during exercise: evidence of efficacy and proposed mechanisms. Hodgson AB, Randell RK, Jeukendrup AE. Adv Nutr. 2013 Mar 1;4(2):129-40.

5. Metabolic response to green tea extract during rest and moderate-intensity exercise. Hodgson AB, Randell RK, Boon N, Garczarek U, Mela DJ, Jeukendrup AE, Jacobs DM. J Nutr Biochem. 2013 Jan;24(1):325-34.

Asparagus Extract

1. Dalvi SS, Nadkarni PM, Gupta KC. Effect of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) on gastric emptying time in normal healthy volunteers. J Postgrad Med 1990;36(2):91-94.

2. Escribano MM, Munoz-Bellido FJ, Serrano P, et al. Acute urticaria after ingestion of asparagus. Allergy 1998;53(6):622-623.

3. Wiboonpun N, Phuwapraisirisan P, Tip-pyang S. Identification of antioxidant compound from Asparagus racemosus. Phytother Res 2004;18(9):771-773

4. Yang CX, Huang SS, Yang XP, et al. Nor-lignans and steroidal saponins from Asparagus gobicus. Planta Med 2004;70(5):446-451

5. Huang X, Kong L. Steroidal saponins from roots of Asparagus officinalis. Steroids 2006;71:171-6.

6. Rodriguez R, Jaramillo S, Rodriguez G, et al. Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts from several asparagus cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:5212-7.

Watermelon Extract

1. Tarazona-Díaz, M. P., Alacid, F., Carrasco, M., Martínez, I., & Aguayo, E. (2013). Watermelon juice: potential functional drink for sore muscle relief in athletes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 61(31), 7522-7528.

2. Cutrufello, P. T., Gadomski, S. J., & Zavorsky, G. S. (2015). The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance. Journal of sports sciences, 33(14), 1459-1466.

3. Gul, S., Rashid, Z., & Sarwer, G. (2014). Citrullus Lanatus (Watermelon) as Diuretic Agent: An in vivo Investigation on Mice. American Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 1(4), 89-92.

4. ISAWA, T. (1969). Diuretic effect of watermelon, part 2(Diuretic effective agents in watermelons).

Ginger Root

1. Ernst, E., & Pittler, M. H. (2000). Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. British journal of anesthesia, 84(3), 367-371.

2. Chaiyakunapruk, N., Kitikannakorn, N., Nathisuwan, S., Leeprakobboon, K., & Leelasettagool, C. (2006). The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 194(1), 95-99.

3. Smith, C., Crowther, C., Willson, K., Hotham, N., & McMillian, V. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103(4), 639-645.

4. Black, C. D., Herring, M. P., Hurley, D. J., & O'Connor, P. J. (2010). Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. The Journal of Pain, 11(9), 894-903.

5. Wu, K. L., Rayner, C. K., Chuah, S. K., Changchien, C. S., Lu, S. N., Chiu, Y. C., ... & Lee, C. M. (2008). Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 20(5), 436-440.

6. Wu, K. L., Rayner, C. K., Chuah, S. K., Changchien, C. S., Lu, S. N., Chiu, Y. C., ... & Lee, C. M. (2008). Effects of ginger on gastric emptying and motility in healthy humans. European journal of gastroenterology & Hepatology, 20(5), 436-440.

Juniper Extract

1. Bisset, NG. Juniper fructus. 1994;283-285.

2. Janku, I., Hava, M., and Motl, O. [Diuretic substance from juniper (Juniperus communis L.)]. Experientia 6-15-1957;13(6):255-256.

3. Stanic, G, Samarzija, I, and Blazevic, N. Time-dependent diuretic response in rats treated with juniper berry preparations. Phytother Res 1998;12:494-497.

Buchu Extract

1. Ernst E. Interactions between synthetic and herbal medicinal products Part 1: a systematic review of the indirect evidence. Perfusion 2000;13:4-15.

2. Lis-Balchin, M., Hart, S., and Simpson, E. Buchu (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata, Rutaceae) essential oils: their pharmacological action on guinea-pig ileum and antimicrobial activity on microorganisms. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2001;53(4):579-582

3. Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicines. 1st ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1999.

Taurine

1. Zhang, M., Izumi, I., Kagamimori, S., Sokejima, S., Yamagami, T., Liu, Z., & Qi, B. (2004). Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. Amino acids, 26(2), 203-207.

2. BOUCHAMA, A., YUSUF, A., AL-SEDAIRY, S. U. L. T. A. N., & EL-YAZIGI, A. D. N. A. N. (1993). Alteration of taurine homeostasis in acute heatstroke.Critical care medicine, 21(4), 551-554.

3. Gwacham, N., & Wagner, D. R. (2012). Acute effects of a caffeine-taurine energy drink on repeated sprint performance of American college football players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 22(2), 109-116.

4. Warskulat, U., Brookmann, S., Felsner, I., Brenden, H., Grether‐Beck, S., & Häussinger, D. (2008). Ultraviolet A induces transport of compatible organic osmolytes in human dermal fibroblasts. Experimental Dermatology, 17(12), 1031-1036.

Astragalus Centralpinus

1. Bai, F., Makino, T., Kono, K., Nagatsu, A., Ono, T., & Mizukami, H. (2013). Calycosin and formononetin from astragalus root enhance dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 and nitric oxide synthase expressions in Madin Darby Canine Kidney II cells. Journal of natural medicines, 67(4), 782-789.

2. Kuo, Y. H., Tsai, W. J., Loke, S. H., Wu, T. S., & Chiou, W. F. (2009). Astragalus membranaceus flavonoids (AMF) ameliorate chronic fatigue syndrome induced by food intake restriction plus forced swimming. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 122(1), 28-34.

Chromium Polynicotinate

1. Parsons A, et al. A proof of concept randomized placebo-controlled factorial trial to examine the efficacy of St John's wort for smoking cessation and chromium to prevent weight gain on smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend. (2009)

2. Abdollahi M, et al. Effect of chromium on glucose and lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes; a meta-analysis review of randomized trials. J Pharm Pharm Sci. (2013)

3. Martin J, et al. Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. (2006)

4. J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Apr;23(4):313-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001. Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance. Hua Y, Clark S, Ren J, Sreejayan N. College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.

5. R. I. Press, J. Geller, and G. W. Evans The effect of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects.

6. Harry G. Preuss1,*, Nadeem Talpur1, Vijaya Manohar1, Nagaveni Venkataramiah1 and Richard A. Anderson Chromium and hypertension

7. Stephen D. Anton, Christopher D. Morrison, William T. Cefalu, Corby K. Martin, Sandra Coulon, Paula Geiselman, Hongmei Han, Christy L. White, and Donald A. Williamson. Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Food Intake and Satiety

Potassium

1. Kanbay, M., Bayram, Y., Solak, Y., & Sanders, P. W. (2013). Dietary potassium: A key mediator of the cardiovascular response to dietary sodium chloride. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 7(5), 395-400.

2. Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Shin, M. K., Horwitz, S. B., Levorse, J. M., Zhu, L., ... & Pan, Y. (2013). Heterozygous disruption of renal outer medullary potassium channel in rats is associated with reduced blood pressure. Hypertension, 62(2), 288-294.

Calcium

1. Barry et al. 2011; Acute Calcium Ingestion Attenuates Exercise-induced Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis

2. Paschoal et al. 2004; Nutritional status of Brazilian elite swimmers.

3. Venderley et al. 2006; Vegetarian diets : nutritional considerations for athletes.

4. Maughan et al. 2007; Nutrition and hydration concerns of the female football player.

5. Clarkson et al. 1995; Exercise and mineral status of athletes: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iron.

6. Cinar et al. 2008; Testosterone levels in athletes at rest and exhaustion: effects of calcium supplementation.

Magnesium

1. Cinar, V., Polat, Y., Baltaci, A. K., & Mogulkoc, R. (2011). Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biological trace element research, 140(1), 18-23.

2. van der Plas, A. A., Schilder, J. C., Marinus, J., & van Hilten, J. J. (2013). An explanatory study evaluating the muscle relaxant effects of intramuscular magnesium sulphate for dystonia in complex regional pain syndrome. The Journal of Pain, 14(11), 1341-1348.

3. Hatzistavri, L. S., Sarafidis, P. A., Georgianos, P. I., Tziolas, I. M., Aroditis, C. P., Zebekakis, P. E., ... & Lasaridis, A. N. (2009). Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. American journal of hypertension, 22(10), 1070-1075.

4. Golf, S. W., Bender, S., & Grüttner, J. (1998). On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy,12(2), 197-202.

5. Carpenter, T. O., DeLucia, M. C., Zhang, J. H., Bejnerowicz, G., Tartamella, L., Dziura, J., ... & Cohen, D. (2006). A randomized controlled study of effects of dietary magnesium oxide supplementation on bone mineral content in healthy girls. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(12), 4866-4872.

6. Held, K., Antonijevic, I. A., Künzel, H., Uhr, M., Wetter, T. C., Golly, I. C., ... & Murck, H. (2002). Oral Mg (2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry,35(4), 135-143.

7. Brilla, L. R., & Haley, T. F. (1992). Effect of magnesium supplementation on strength training in humans. Journal of the American College of Nutrition,11(3), 326-329.

WARNING

California’s Proposition 65 entitles California consumers to special warnings.

WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive Harm - www.P65warnings.ca.gov/

NCAA:

While not illegal, some of the ingredients found in this product could lead to a false positive drug test and may also be banned by WADA or other professional organizations such as the NCAA.

If you are a professional, college, or amateur athlete whose given sports conduct in and out of competition random drug screens is it highly recommended you check with the appropriate person before taking this product.